作（zuò）者：Maroti Upare

編譯：王月琴、

責編：左璿

備注：王月琴和左璿均為中（zhōng）國農業科學院農業信息研究所在讀博士研究（jiū）生；。

出處：FAO《Review of the current state of world aquaculture insurance》

本文有作者版權保護，轉載請（qǐng）務（wù）必注明出處。

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1995-2004年間，日本水產養殖產量從略低（dī）於（yú）140萬（wàn）噸下降到130萬噸以下。從產量上看（kàn），紫菜、太（tài）平洋牡蠣和扇貝是主要的品種。2004年，日本主要的水產養殖魚類是琥珀魚和銀（yín）鯛，產量分別為15萬噸和8.1萬噸。2004年日本水（shuǐ）產養殖的產值遠遠低於1995年，1995年的產（chǎn）值超過了56億美元，2004年下降到（dào）42億美（měi）元。近十年，銀鯛和鰻魚的總產值減少（shǎo）了一半。 2004年，日本琥珀魚仍然是最有價值的（de）品種，總產值達12億美元。日（rì）本漁業部門的就業人數從1995年的30.1萬人下降到2004年的23萬人。由於日本的（de）統計數據並未區分捕撈漁（yú）業和水產（chǎn）養殖，因此水產養殖產業中就業人數所占份額還不得而知（zhī）。

一、保險市場

日本在《漁業損害賠償製度》下開展水產養殖保險。《漁業損害賠償製度》既是互助製度，也是政府漁業損害（hài）救助政策的重要（yào）組成部（bù）分。該製度主要是用來保（bǎo）障和分散漁民由（yóu）於意外事故造成的損害風險。

為了實現這一製度目標，政府目前向漁民和水產養殖者提供以下援助：

• 政府（fǔ）向參與漁業相互保險計劃的漁民和水產養殖戶提供部分（fèn）保費補貼。這種補貼適用（yòng）於養殖規模低於（yú）一定水平（píng）的漁民和水產（chǎn）養殖戶。

• 如果巨災造成的損失超出了漁民和水產養殖戶互助保險計劃（的承受能力），則政府保險計劃可以（yǐ）通過與全國漁業（yè）互助保險協會的後續合同來賠償這些（xiē）損失（不包括漁具（jù）保險）。

• 政府補貼漁業互助保險機構的部分管理費用，包括該計劃（huá）管理人員的工資。

• 政府對（duì）赤（chì）潮這類（lèi）特殊保險（xiǎn）合同保險費的三分之二給予補貼，以抵消其造成的損失，這些補貼包（bāo）含在水產養殖保險計劃中。

• 政府還向給（gěi）漁業互助保（bǎo）險機構提供貸款的農林水產信貸基金提供擔保資金。

目前有效的保單數量尚不清楚，但據（jù）估（gū）計許多（duō）保單正在實施中。漁業（yè）部門報（bào）告稱，2004年，按照產量計算，37％的魚類和甲殼類水產養殖以及按市值計算超過70％的海（hǎi）藻和貝類養殖被保險覆蓋。2004年承（chéng）保的水產養殖總產值估計超（chāo）過6億美元。尤其是（shì）大部分的黃金鮁魚、鱆紅魚和海鯛被納入保險範圍。此外，2004年，牡蠣和珍珠貝生產也涵蓋在保險範（fàn）圍內，這些（xiē）被保的品種產值估計為7800萬。以下是2003年主（zhǔ）要品種的（de）水產養殖場數量（liàng）：黃金（jīn）鮁魚（1 029），海鯛（1 012），比目（mù）魚（244），其他魚類（463），扇貝（3 858），牡蠣（3 308），海藻（超過10 000）和珍珠貝（超過2 000）。一個相當保（bǎo）守的估計是（shì），水產養殖保險至少覆蓋了3 000個養殖場。

三、承保風險

日本的水產養殖保險是一種特定災害（named-peril) 險。有兩種類型的水產養殖保險單（dān）：一種是承保養殖期（qī）中因死亡或逃逸而（ér）造成的部分和全部損失；另一種是承（chéng）保養（yǎng）殖期中水產設施的（de）毀壞、損耗和沉塘。關於第二種類型，通常使用“可保損失”一詞，指（zhǐ）的是當（dāng）被保設施部分損壞時以及該設施全（quán）部修複的費用預計高（gāo）於保險金額的（de）一半時，全部損失由保險（xiǎn）承擔。

一般來說，如果發生的損失屬於以下類別，則不在承保範（fàn）圍內：

• 由戰爭或類似騷亂（luàn）造成的損失；

• 盜（dào）竊造成的損失；

• 由於排放或泄漏汙水、廢液及其他對養殖（zhí）有害的物質造成的（de）水汙染而造成的損失；

• 因被保人或第三方的疏忽而（ér）造成的損失；

• 過度赤潮造成的損失（購買（mǎi）赤潮特殊保險合同的除外）。

如果水產養殖保險計劃（huá）的水產養殖者參與了特殊保單，該（gāi）保單規定了（le）保險（xiǎn）公司之前指（zhǐ）定水域的赤潮造（zào）成損害的承保範圍，則因過度赤潮造成的損害就會得到賠付。在這個特殊的保單中，過度赤潮（cháo）指（zhǐ）的是以下任意一種情形：

• 赤潮（cháo）持續（xù）十天及以上；

• 赤潮導致某一水域內超過一半的養殖品種死亡；

• 對浮遊生物的範（fàn）圍、種類或密度的科學觀測，本合同承保過度赤潮與普（pǔ）通赤潮（cháo）不同。

此外，日本還試點啟動了一（yī）項特殊的水產養殖保險計劃，覆（fù）蓋紫菜、裙帶（dài）菜（cài）和海帶等海藻類，承保由於這些產（chǎn）品的市場價格突然下降而造（zào）成的經濟損失（shī）。

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原文：

In Japan, aquaculture productiondecreased slightly between 1995 and 2004, from just below 1.4 million tonnes tounder 1.3 million tonnes. Laver Nori, Pacific cupped oyster and Yesso scallopare the main species produced in terms of volume. Japanese amberjack and silverbream were the main aquaculture fish species in 2004, with production volumesof 150 000 tonnes and 81 000 tonnes, respectively.

The value of Japan’s aquaculture production in 2004 isconsiderably lower than in 1995. In 1995 the value added up to over US$5.6billion, which decreased to US$4.2 billion in 2004. The total production valuerealized by silver bream and Japanese eel decreased by half over this decade.Japanese amberjack remained the most valuable product in 2004, with a totalvalue of US$1.2 billion.

Employment in the fisheries sector in Japan decreasedfrom an estimated 301 000 in 1995 to 230 000 in 2004. As Japanese statisticsreported do not distinguish between capture fisheries and aquaculture, theshare of aquaculture in this employment figure is unknown.

THE INSURANCE MARKET

In Japan, aquaculture insurance is offered under the Fishery Damage Indemnification System. The Fishery Damage Indemnification System is both a mutual aid system and an important part of the nationalgovernment’s fishery damage assistance policy. The system was originallyde signed to rationally insure fisher folk against damages due to contingencies,and  to spread the risks among them.

To achieve the objectives of this system, the governmentcurrently provides the following assistance to fisherfolk and aquaculturists:

Government subsidies are granted to fisherfolk andaquaculturists participating in the Fishery Mutual Insurance Scheme to cover apart of their premium payments. This subsidy is available to those whose scaleof fishing or aquaculture operations are below a certain level.

In case of damages due to catastrophic disasters considered to be beyond fisherfolk and aquaculturists’ mutual aid schemes, the government insurance scheme may cover such damages by a retrocession contract with the National Federation of Fishery Mutual Insurance Associations(excluding Fishing Gear Insurance).

The government assists the fishery mutual insuranceinstitutions by providing subsidies to cover a part of their administrationexpenses, including the wages of employees needed for managing the scheme.

The government grants subsidies of up to two-thirds ofthe premium of special insurance contracts against damages by red tide, whichare included in the Aquaculture Insurance Scheme.

The government also provides support in guarantee capitalto the Credit Fund for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, which extends loansto the fisheries mutual insurance institutions for running their insuranceoperations in support of the sector.

POLICIESCURRENTLY IN FORCE

The exact number of policies in force is not known, butit is estimated that many policies are in operation. The Fisheries Agencyreported that 37 percent of the fish and crustacean aquaculture and over 70percent of the seaweed and shellfish culture in terms of value of the outputgenerated was covered by insurance in 2004. The total value of aquacultureproduction insured in 2004 was estimated at over US$600 million. In particular,a large part of the yellowtail, kanpachi and seabream culture wasinsured. Moreover, in 2004, oyster and pearl oyster production was generallycovered by insurance as the insured value of these species was estimated at 78million.

The following are the reported numbers of aquaculturefarms in 2003 for the main species: yellowtail (1029), seabream (1012),flatfish (244), other fish (463), scallop (3858), oyster (3308), seaweeds (over10000) and pearl oyster (over 2000). A fairly conservative estimate would bethat at least 3000 farms are covered by aquaculture insurance.

PERILS COVERED

Aquaculture insurance in Japan is "named perils" insurance. Two types of aquaculture insurance policies can be distinguished: one that addresses partial and total loss by death or escape ofthe cultured products during the culture cycle, and one that addresses damage,losses and sinking of aquaculture facilities while in operation. With regard tothe second type, one often uses the term "insurable damages", whichmeans that when the insured facility is partially damaged and in cases when thecost of full recovery of the facility are expected to be higher than a half ofits insurable value, the total loss is covered by the insurance.

In general, damages are not covered by the insurance ifthey fall under these categories:

• damages caused by war or similar disturbance;

• damages caused by loss by theft;

• damages caused by contamination of water due to thedischarge or leakage of sewages, waste fluids and other substances harmful tothe cultured products;

• damages caused by negligence of the policy-holder or bythird parties;

• damages caused by excessive red tides (excluding thoseunder a special contract for red tides).

If an aquaculturist participates in the AquacultureInsurance Scheme under the special policy that specifies coverage of damagescaused by red tides in waters previously designated by the insurer, the damagesdue to excessive red tides are covered by this scheme. In this special policy,an excessive red tide is defined by any one of the following conditions:

• the period between the appearance and the disappearanceof red tide is ten days or more;

• the red tide causes mortality of more than half of thecultured products within the specified waters;

it is acknowledged that the red tide in question isdifferent from ordinary red tides based on scientific observations of itsextent, species or density of plankton.A specific Aquaculture Insurance Scheme was alsoinitiated to cover losses and damages to cultured seaweeds, such as laver,undaria and kelp. This specific scheme also covers financial losses due to thesudden declines in market prices for these products. 

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